VIP
Extensamente estudadoVasoactive Intestinal Peptide | Neuropeptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide belonging to the glucagon/secretin superfamily. It is produced in many tissues including the gut, pancreas, and brain.
Dados moleculares e de pesquisa
- Sequência
- His-Ser-Asp-Ala-Val-Phe-Thr-Asp-Asn-Tyr-Thr-Arg-Leu-Arg-Lys-Gln-Met-Ala-Val-Lys-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asn-Ser-Ile-Leu-Asn-NH2
- Peso molecular
- 3,326 Da
- Meia-vida
- 1-2 minutes
- Vias (pesquisa)
- injectable, nasal
- Armazenamento
- Lyophilized powder: 2-8°C refrigerated; Reconstituted: use immediately (very short stability, ~2 minute half-life)
Overview
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide belonging to the glucagon/secretin superfamily. It is produced in many tissues including the gut, pancreas, and brain. VIP has potent vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. It binds to VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors, triggering cAMP-mediated signaling cascades. Research shows therapeutic potential for pulmonary hypertension, diabetes, neurological disorders, and autoimmune conditions.
Mechanism of action
VIP binds to VPAC1 and VPAC2 G protein-coupled receptors, activating adenylyl cyclase and increasing intracellular cAMP and PKA activity. This triggers phosphorylation of CREB and other transcription factors. VIP causes vasodilation through NO-dependent and independent mechanisms, stimulates intestinal secretion, relaxes smooth muscle, inhibits gastric acid secretion, and has positive inotropic/chronotropic cardiac effects.
Key research findings
- Potent vasodilation and blood pressure reduction
- Strong anti-inflammatory effects
- Immunomodulation (Th1-Th2 balance)
- Neuroprotective effects
- Bronchodilation
- Cardioprotective (positive inotropic effects)
- Insulin secretion enhancement (glucose-dependent)
- Gut barrier and permeability regulation
Research applications
Cardiovascular
- Pulmonary Hypertension — VIP inhalation shows striking efficacy with increased mixed venous oxygen saturation and exercise capacity.
- Vasodilation — Dilates peripheral blood vessels through NO-dependent mechanisms above 100 pmol doses.
- Cardiac Support — Coronary vasodilation with positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart.
Neurological
- Neuroprotection — Promising therapeutic target for Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and other neurological disorders.
- Autism Spectrum Disorders — Potential therapeutic target being researched for ASD.
- Circadian Rhythm — Produced in suprachiasmatic nuclei; involved in circadian regulation.
Metabolic & Immune
- Diabetes Support — Promotes insulin secretion in glucose-dependent manner via VPAC2; low hypoglycemia risk.
- Anti-Inflammatory — Potent anti-inflammatory effects useful in IBD and autoimmune conditions.
- Sarcoidosis — Therapeutic potential for pulmonary and systemic sarcoidosis.
FAQ de VIP
How effective is VIP for pulmonary hypertension and can it replace conventional treatments?+
VIP inhalation showed striking efficacy with increased mixed venous oxygen saturation and exercise capacity in pulmonary hypertension patients. However, it's complementary to conventional therapy rather than a replacement - the very short 2-minute half-life requires frequent dosing, making it challenging for long-term use without newer stabilized analogs.
Does VIP cause dangerous hypotension or can it be used safely in most patients?+
VIP's vasodilation can cause hypotension and flushing, especially at higher doses. Careful dose titration and patient monitoring are essential. Patients with baseline hypotension or severe cardiac conditions should avoid use, but mild transient vasodilation is manageable in most populations with proper medical supervision.
Why is VIP rarely used clinically if research shows such promise?+
VIP's extremely short 1-2 minute half-life makes it impractical for routine clinical use - requiring constant infusions or multiple daily injections. Stabilized analogs (like stearyl-Nle17-VIP) are 100-fold more potent but rarely available outside research settings. Limited commercial development has restricted clinical availability despite strong research foundation.
Can VIP improve insulin secretion for diabetes without causing hypoglycemia?+
Yes, VIP promotes glucose-dependent insulin secretion via VPAC2 receptors, meaning it only stimulates insulin when blood glucose is elevated. This glucose-dependent mechanism makes hypoglycemia risk very low compared to other insulin secretagogues, making VIP theoretically safer for diabetes support.
References
- [1]VIP as New Drug for Treatment of Primary Pulmonary HypertensionJournal of Clinical Investigation
- [2]Therapeutic Potential of VIP and VPAC2 in Type 2 DiabetesFrontiers in Endocrinology
- [3]Therapeutic Potential of VIP in Neurological DisordersCNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics
- [4]VIP Structure and Function for Therapeutic ApplicationsPharmacology & Therapeutics
Peptídeos relacionados
NA-Selank Amidate
Moderate researchN-Acetyl Selank Amidate | Enhanced Anxiolytic Nootropic
NA-Selank Amidate is an enhanced version of Selank, the anxiolytic nootropic peptide developed at Russia's Institute of Molecular Genetics.
Selank
Well studiedAnxiolytic & Nootropic Peptide | Tuftsin Analog
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide analog of the naturally occurring immune peptide tuftsin, developed by the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Adalank
Emerging researchN-Acetyl Selank Amidate | Enhanced Tuftsin Analog
Enhanced derivative of Selank with improved stability, blood-brain barrier penetration, and extended half-life compared to parent compound. Parent compound Selank approved in Russia since early 2000s.
Adamax
Emerging researchNext-Generation Semax Derivative | Nootropic Neuropeptide
Synthetic nootropic peptide with N-terminal acetylation and C-terminal adamantane modification for superior stability and blood-brain barrier penetration, researched for cognitive enhancement,